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Here comes the sun: Three highly efficient organic sensitizers with sterically hindered fluorenyl units and planar indenothiophene derivatives were designed and synthesized (see figure). Devices based on one of these compounds, JK-303, gave overall conversion efficiencies of 8.69, 9.04, 7.27, and 5.82 % using I-/I3-, CoII/CoIII, polymer gel, and solid-state electrolytes, respectively. These efficiencies are some of the highest reported for DSSCs based on organic sensitizers. Copyright
Compounds of the general formula (I) their tautomeric forms, their stereoisomers, their analogs, their prodrugs, their isotopes, their N-oxides, their metabolites, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, polymorphs, solvates, optical isomers, clathrates,
The spectrophotometric and luminescence studies on branched oligophenylenefluorenes have shown that the incorporation of n-octyl groups to the 9-position of the fluorene moiety does not interrupt the conjugation of internodal luminophore moieties, and there is also no aggregation or excimer emission both for functionalized and nonfunctionalized macromolecules in solution.
The esters, 9-methyl-2-fluorenyl 4-alkoxybenzoates with C5, C7, C9, C11, and C14 chain lengths were synthesized in order to determine the effect of the 9-substituent in the fluorene rings on their mesomorphic properties.Their structures were determined by spectroscopic including methods 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and 2D-COSY-NMR.All these compounds showed a nematic phase with anematic-isotropic transition temperature between 74-100 deg C.The nematic phase in these materials could be supercooled to room temperature.The nematic phase also appeared in the corresponding 9-bromo esters but at higher temperatures and was enantiotropic only in one momolog, C9.Comparisons were also made with the 7-bromo-2-fluorenyl 4-alkoxybenzoates with C7, C9, and C14 chain lengths.These compounds all yielded the smectic A phase with the nematic phase only appearing in the C7 homolog.The presence of bromine in the 7-position of the fluorenyl esters increased the liquid crystal isotropic transition temperature to about 200 deg C.
2-bromo-7-(1-ethoxyvinyl)-9H-fluorene
1-(7-bromo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)ethanone
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
|
With
hydrogenchloride; water;
In
tetrahydrofuran;
at 20 - 40 ℃;
for 2h;
|
0.90 g |
2-bromo-9H-fluorene
acetyl chloride
1-(7-bromo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)ethanone
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
|
With
aluminum (III) chloride;
In
1,2-dichloro-ethane;
at 0 ℃;
for 1h;
|
59% |
|
With
aluminum (III) chloride;
In
dichloromethane;
|
2-bromo-9H-fluorene
acetic anhydride
1-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)ethanone
acetyl chloride
2-hydroxy-7-bromofluorene
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